Assginment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assginment - Assignment Example This is derived from the purpose of the research that was to study the concept of organisational culture in the context of four parameters of culture that include clan, adhocracy, hierarchical and market in the public and private education institutions. It was meant to establish the existing differences between the two institutions interims of cultural practices from a faculty member’s perspective. From the findings, it is clear that the OC affects progress, performance and interaction among students in schools and between private and public learning institutions. This occurs since the two category of organisations have divergent norms and ways of operations. For instance, the recruitment hierarchy of students is different in private and public institutions; there are differences in gender balance, economic restructuring, adhocracy, use of technology, and adoption of new changes. Private institutions have more streamlined cultural practices as compared to public institutions. Students in the private schools are disciplined, hardworking, industrious, caring and quality time managers. Their teachers and other concerned parties under a hierarchical system of operation as opposed to public schools keep them in close check. This opens the cultural gap that causes a huge interaction line despite the fact that the institutions work for a common purpose of enhancing knowledge and brai n development among students. The research established that clan perceptions, school hierarchy in terms of performance and reputation, and the calibre of students depending on the environment they come from leads to the current disparities between public and private schools. They have varied cultural practices that must be integrated for meaningful growth in n the sector of education. According to the study, education is vital in sharpening the minds of young

International Business Between Japan And Germany Management Essay

International Business Between Japan And Germany Management Essay Our firm is globalizing to create more unified production and marketing organizations which more effectively utilizes the comparatively advantages and taking over of our competitor in the German market. However, to capitalize on the rapid expanding markets that the company has just possessed in the German market, there is the need for us to manage the cultural diversity between our Japanese managers and the German workforce environment. There is the need for the company to give a keen concern to this issue as in many cases, the inability to manage cultural differences often result to a serious impediment to business success. Managing a company of different cultural diversity is, in fact, a prerequisite to taking full advantage of firm and its host country strength. I am to use two general approaches which are the communication mode (cultural distance) and Blaus theory of social integration (social contact in the three core departments). This is to assess how staffing practices would improve the firms performance by increasing their interpersonal contact nationalities at various department levels. Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions and all other products of human work and thought, (the free Dictionary, 2010). Culture is what helps us to organize our world and to know how to respond to it in return both in our lives, social groups and work place. This can be done by learning from friends and relatives, teachers, and by ourselves (observation). People who are from different cultures have lived in a different part of the world and have experienced different societies or participated in different institutions (corporations, schools and others), this is applicable to the Japanese managers who will be managing the German company, they have learnt from different values, beliefs, behaviors, expectations and norms compared to the German workforce. Cultural Differences between Japan and Germany in Their Workforce The forms of leadership and personality are many and are different, but the core values and directions to be used are: Power Distance: This is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1998). The inequality distribution of power is manifested in certain administrative policies and procedures engaged in different organizations and working environments and in the assessment of the accuracy or aptness of such decisions in terms of their organizational goals. This is the degree of inequality that the population of a country considers as normal. The Japanese are known to have a medium (54%) power distance, they are deeply entrenched into culture and tradition and they also adopt a passive work culture. Their workers are expected to respect and obey their boss. These leaders tend to respond to their subordinates with highly paternalistic attitudes that lead to an extremely hierarchical and rigid organizational environment. The superlative model is traced to come from their early village leaders who were skillfully unassertive, led by implicit compromise, nonverbal communication and indirect discussions. This is the same with their organizational leaders today, where the subordinates are meant to be at work before their boss and leave after their boss; they are even apologetic when they leave the work place before their co-workers (Buzzle.com, 2010). The Germans are known to have the lowest power distance of 36%. This measures the extent to which the less powerful members accept that power is distributed unequally in the German institutions and organizations. This implies that Germany is a decentralized society, relatively flatter organizational structures and a comparatively smaller proportion of superiors. Their workers are remarkably loyal to their companies in the sense of organizational confidentiality. The Individualism Collectivism: This is the measurement of the ability to live in groups or to choose an individual path, not minding what the group or the community would be thinking or doing. In this value, the individual achievement is highly esteemed. The Japaneses Individualism is rated to be at a medium range of (46%) due to the sempai-kohai mentor relationship between the managers and their subordinates. The managers are expected to be part of and involved in the personal life of their subordinates, this will be as a result of their close personal bond relationship. Importance on equality of all group members also supports group harmony. This is usually considered more important than overall productivity. Individuals are not singled out for appraisal or criticism, but it is usually directed at the groups. The German individualism is measured to be 67% which is higher than that of Japan. It is all about the tendency of people looking after themselves and their immediate families only and not allowing other peoples faring to be their priority. They prefer to shoulder their personal responsibility by themselves (independent). At work place, the Germans prefer to achieve their job goals with a joint effort and negotiation decisions are often referred to committees. In business situations, shaking hands at the beginning of the meeting and at the end is seen to be necessary. The handshake is to be accompanied with a slight bow with eye contact reciprocal nodding to make a good impression especially with a superior, as failure to do that would result to a bad start. Masculinity: This is seen as the degree to which tough values like boldness performance, success and competition prevails over quality of life while maintaining a warm personal relationship, service and caring for the weak and solidarity. The Japanese are known to be the most masculine society in the world; they are rated to be 95%. They believe in achievement, expansion, wealth and survival of the fittest. They see manufacturing and business to be more important than arts and healing. They give priority to successive entrepreneur, and longer working hours than holidays. Their business culture is known to be men oriented and workplaces are often autocratic. The Germans are known to rate 66% on masculinity, the characteristics of their cultural success are known to be money and material possession from the dominant values in the society. From the Hofstedes model, the Germans place a greater value on their earnings, recognition, advancement and challenges. Uncertainty Avoidance: This is the degree to which the people in a county prefer structure over unstructured situations. Long-term against short-term orientation: the long-term values are oriented towards the future, like prudence and diligence. The short-term values oriented towards the past and present, like respect for institution and social obligations. Issues that are Bound to Arise for the Japanese Managers in the Acquired in Germany As foreign managers that would be responsible for the coordinating of the human resources, finance and marketing departments, there are bound to be some issues that would arise in the managing process. Amongst these issues are: Managing Cultural Differences in the Human Resources Department The Role and Status of the HR Managers: there will be the possibilities of experiencing a social hierarchy which can cause communication bumps in the department. For example, the Japanese managers would think it is alright to place the women as subordinate to men by giving the men a superior role. This would be seen as a bias treatment by the women as it is not done that way in the German workforce. However, the German subordinate staff might be expecting the Japanese managers to maintain eye contacts while addressing or communicating with them as it is their way of life to communicate while looking at each others eyes and nodding their heads to indicate an agreement to the discussion. This is as in the case of Individualism versus collectivism theory which centers on individual rights and values being dominant or subordinate to those of the collective society (international Business assignment slide, 2010). Another example is the manager cracking jokes during interviews, inductions, and meetings as they may feel it is an eye breaker to ease tension and to keep their subordinates relaxed, but the Germans take their meetings very serious and would take the Japanese managers to be unserious and insulting for a mere joke during periods. Emotional Culture versus Neutral Culture: which is a culture where emotions are expressed openly and naturally. An instance is when the men innocently try to interact with the women in the workplace, such women can feel uncomfortable or violated in some way. In contrast, the German men who their emotions are being held in-check may not adapt well to working equally with the Japanese female staff or having female as their manager due to their (Japanese) openly emotional expression. Understanding the interaction between sexes and the roles assigned in various cultures is important. Personal Space during Interviews and Meetings: Germans typically prefer to stand about six inch apart when conversing, though this might not be a very big issue for the foreign managers, but there is the need for the nuances in personal space to be emphasized as it can help communication tremendously. Remuneration differences: the Germans get better pay package to the Japanese, this could be a big bonus for the Japanese managers as their wages would be better than their initial take home packages and they would be treated as expatriates which would make them feel encouraged due to the benefits that would be attached to their position. Managing Cultural Differences in the Marketing Department The Role and Status of the Marketing Managers: it is the duty of the marketing manager to sort for different strategies on how to attract more customers through advertising, pricing and branding as can be seen in the appendix A. However, the choices that would be offered to the customers would depend on the marketing manager of the firm as in the appendix B. The cultural differences may ruin the marketing process as the Japanese managers may apply their own marketing cultural system in the areas of product attributes knowing that products only sell well when their attributes matches the consumers needs and the distribution strategy as this might not yield to the expected result of the company. Communication Strategy: the means through the company ideas would be communicated to their targeted markets might have some huddles as this would include body language, speech and pictures speaks a lot, but it can also be interpreted differently especially having to do with two different cultures. Averted eyes are a sign of respect to the Japanese which the managers might be using; the Germans may misinterpret it to be something else. However, the Germans uses handshakes to bond agreements which the Japanese managers may not feel comfortable with, but rather they would prefer bowing and the Germans might find that to be funny. The Japanese manager may view this as lack of respect or ignorance. Economic Development: the marketing managers may apply a lower product standard to the manufactured cars which might have a negative response from the consumers knowing that consumer behavior is highly influenced by the economic development (high technological standard). However, consumers in highly developed countries like Germany tend to demand extra performance attributes in their cars not regarding the pricing factors. In this case, product reliability is highly recommended for the German market. Personal Appearance: The Japanese might want to remain true to their beliefs by dressing in their traditional attire to work. The Germans may view this as inappropriate or unprofessional for a business environment. Religion: Religion dominates life in a way that is often difficult for the Germans to understand. The Japanese celebrates their new year (shogatsu or oshogatsu) in a very big way. Most businesses are usually shut down for almost a week during this period which the Germans may view it to be mixing pleasure with business. These differences need to be respected, where possible, and not ignored (Japan-guide.com, 2010). Managing Cultural Differences in the Finance Department The Role and Status of the Finance Managers: Accounting has its own business communication language which varies from country to country. The use of the Japanese financial standard may result to confusion in the finance department during auditing as it is possible for countries with a lower uncertainty avoidance cultures to depend on the professionalism of auditing system of another country with a better experience. However, it is the introduction of the International Accounting Standard Board that would be suitable for the management to use in order to prevent cultural financial differences. The Lack of Comparability of Financial Report: Due to the national differences in the accounting and auditing standard, the Japanese managers may find it difficult to interpret and understand the Germans financial standard and it is the introduction of transnational investment and the transnational financial report that would be suitable for the finance depart that would be made up of two or more different cultural backgrounds. Investment Decisions in the Finance Department: The cultural differences in the department can result to the manager using the Japanese ideas to strategize the different sectors to invest on. This might back-fire as the German market is different from that of the Japaneses and what is working their economy might not work for the German market. However, the use of capital budgeting with the assistance of a local staff would be a solution to this issue as it can be complicated when it comes to international differences. Currencies Differences: This will give the foreign managers a tough time for a while to know the different denominations of the German currencies and would be time taking during the conversion of the currencies. Another issue might be the use of the debt financing method which is mostly common in the Japanese financial institution and this is not common in the German financial system. However, it is quite impossible to identify all of the potential cultural differences. Therefore, many resources are available to help the both parties learn more about each others cultures if they are so inclined. Workers might act like they understand what the managers would say, but in fact, may not know. This can be dangerous. An example is a business journal article on the rising number of Hispanic workers in Charlotte-Mecklenburgs construction industry. It points out how workers who speaks little English were at risk of having accident on their job because of not having enough grasp of safety standards. In the case of this issue, on-site training can be organize with the help of interpreters to ensure that a clear and complete understanding is achieved at the industry in Germany. Recommendations on How to Deal With the Potential Issues that Are Likely to Arise Between the Japanese Managers and the German Workers Clearly, it is the responsibility of the Japanese manager to learn German language and adapt to their cultural norms in their workplace. However, this can be for longer time duration. In return, the German worker should not just expect the foreign managers to figure out things by themselves as this can be a setback in workplace. The human resources department in Japan can be of help by offering tips and suggestions on how these issues can be bridged. The area of suggestions can be as follows: Learn as much as you can about the culture of the Germans as cross-cultural literacy is critical to the success of every international business. Recognize the broad ethics diversity that exists within the different groups in the German workforce. There are different cultural groups in Germany (Danes, North Frisians, Sater Frisians, Sorbs, Sinti and Roma (Culturalpolicies.net, 2010). Therefore, there is the need for the managers to learn about these groups in order to recognize their ethnic diversities. Respect the staff differences, abilities and personalities. The managers should not just assume the Germans share common language or culture as that may not mean they are the same or alike. Stereotyping discounts individuals and can limit options for them in workplace. As getting to know the workers culture would be the first step to getting to know them as individuals. Consider having co-workers who will serve as mentors and coaches to help the managers adapt to the culture and vocabulary of the workplace. Feedbacks should be asked for and demonstrations should be used to ensure that complete understanding is achieved. Helping people to learn your language is another way to build trust and loyalty. Co-workers should be of help to prevent feelings of inadequacy and embarrassment when their superiors and co-workers cannot express themselves clearly and this can be done by being patient.

Go Kart History :: Racing Entertainment Essays

Go Kart History Do you ever hear the word â€Å"karting†? Many people still don’t know what karting is. They try to relate it to the cart; the basket to take your things from the market with the wheels on it. In this situation, kart means the miniature of car racing, especially Formula One (F-1) cars. And karting means racing of using a kart. Maybe if I say â€Å"go kart†, you will know what I am talking about. Actually â€Å"go kart† is a trademark of karting. It is the manufacturing company that originated karting in 1958. The history and accessories of karting are important in order to get started in karting. The history of the go kart is quite interesting. To begin with, there were two guys whose names were Duffy Livingstone and Roy Desbrow. They were partners in a muffler business in Monrovia, California. Both were experts in welding components. One time, they saw Art Ingle’s one off creation (model of the car). Then they were inspired to make their own versions. Duffy built a couple for their friends. And there was another guy whose name was Bill Rowles, a salesman of surplus materials in Los Angeles. He visited their muffler shop very often. He also got inexpensive engines from a failed West Bend rotary lawn mower venture. These three individuals formed a loose partnership to produce and sell kit components for go karts. One day, when they are relaxing in the small office at their muffler shop, the postman came by with many envelopes. These envelopes brought about thirty orders for that day. The demand became constant in the following days, so they thought that they needed to change their business. They formed a corporation for the company called Go Kart manufacturing and leased a five acre facility in Azusa from AeroJet General Corporation. This corporation had six stockholders. Duffy Livingstone, Roy Desbrow, and Bill Rowles were the primary stockholders. Other stockholders were Jim Patronite (the company’s accountant, who later formed Azusa Engineering), Don Boberick, and the company’s office manager. In 1962, Art Linkletter Enterprises wanted to buy the shares for $750,000. But Go Kart declined the offer because the proposal gave the Linkletter group management of Go Kart mfg and Go Kart didn’t trust the Linkletter group ability to manage the Go Kart mfg. However, in less than a year, Go Kart hired a very experienced, energetic and enthusiastic person to manage the sales.

Nabokov- Good Reader and Writer Essay

A good reader will ask themselves questions as they read along, using sticky notes for that section. This technique allows the readers to come back to the questions and answer them after reader more of the novel or essay. Also, a good reader uses hints the author hides through the passage for the reader to interpret. This lets readers figure out what message the author wants the reader to know. Good readers are active readers which means they use their reading experiences for support by bring knowledge from the world into reading. In addition, they use comprehension strategies to draw conclusions, synthesis and compare and contrast. Further, a good reader knows when to slow down and read faster based on difficulty. When a good reader doesn’t understand a word he/she use context clues to figure out the meaning of it. Lastly, a good reader should have an open mind based on his/her reading. A good writer uses proper punctuation at all times. Grammar and spelling are important as well. Also, a writer should have a lot of knowledge based on what he/she is writing about. This means that the writer should create a plan before writing about. This means that the writer will research ones topic before writing about it. In addition, a good writer should create a plan before writing to have a formal paper. To tell the truth, if a writer doesn’t truly believe in what one is writing about then that’s not a writer at all. A good writer would not care about what others think of ones opinion. Finally, a good writer grabs the reader’s attention from the beginning of the story. Lastly, a good writer writes novels with enough detail to let the reader understand, but not too much so the reader has to interpret the story you are writing about.

Psychology of Terrorism Essay

Sexual harassment defined is any act that amounts to sexual advances that are unwelcome including asking for favors that are sexual related and also use of obscene and vulgar language. (O’Shea, 1998)Sexual harassment is classified as a crime in many countries and is therefore punishable by law. This paper takes an in-depth look at sexual harassments, how different victims are treated especially as far as age is concerned and the various laws regarding sexual harassment. 1. Define the two types of sexual harassment recognized by the courts. a) Generally there are two types of sexual harassment recognized by the courts. The first type of sexual harassment is one that affects one in his or her employment. (O’Shea, 1998) For instance if a supervisor asks one of his subordinates for a sexual favor with threats that if the subordinate is not cooperative then he or she will lose his or her job, then this amounts to sexual harassment. This kind of sexual harassment can only be done by a person who possesses authority over another and who is able to influence the employment of the victim in question. Such tangible employment actions include demotion, slashing of salaries, and unwarranted termination of employment. This mind of sexual harassment is commonly referred to as quid pro quo meaning â€Å"this for that†. This literally means that give me this and you will get that. b). The other kind of sexual harassment is known as hostile environment. This is normally the general conduct of employees in an organization as opposed to the conduct of one person like in the previous type of sexual harassment. Some of the behaviors that may contribute to a hostile environment in an organization include: i) Constant use of vulgar and obscene language. ii) Making comments in regard to the physical attributes of a person but in sexual related manner. iii) Giving favors to anyone involved in sexual activities in the organization. iv) Touching a person without their submission. v) Use of terms to indicate that there is a sexual relationship between the two while in fact it does not exist. vi) Use of indecent symbols signs and gestures. 2. Compare and contrast the rights of juveniles to that of adults. The rights provided of adults and children both as victims of sexual harassment differ slightly although the main aim for both is to protect victims of sexual harassment. (O’Shea, 1998) Usually the law is more strict one acts of sexual harassment done against children and the elderly putting into consideration their delicate nature. Sexual harassment of minors and small children is referred to as defilement and always carries a more severe punishment. Sexual harassment of an adult person is also classified crime and is in contravention with the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Any person be it a child an, adult or an elderly person if undergoes sexual harassment one is required to report to the relevant authorities using the right procedure which varies from institution to institution and form country to country. Sexual harassment is an act that is recognized as a crime in many countries of the world and thus a victim should not be embarrassed to report as this might make the behavior to get worse. Reference: O’Shea, T. (1998). Sexual Harassment: A Practical Guide to the Law, Your Rights, and Your Options for Taking Action. St Martin’s Griffins, London.

Exploitation of Canadian Abori essays

Exploitation of Canadian Abori essays Exploitation of the Canadian Aboriginal The Plains Natives of Canada, two major tribes being the Cree and the Blackfoot, faced many obstacles in their pre-treaty days. These obstacles made them more open to a change in life-style proposed to them by the inflow of Europeans to the West of Canada, Native land. Although these propositions seemed to be the answer to their problems, more issues arose then the Plains People were capable of dealing with. The largest issue was the onset of cultural shock due to the assimilation into European culture, and the loss of their traditions and identities. In order to understand the reasons why the Natives of Western Canada felt obligated to sign a treaty that would end traditional life-styles, it is imperative to first consider the restraints that they were facing pre-treaty. Basically, the Plains Indians were nomadic, and relied heavily on their primary source for food and utilities. This treasured animal was the buffalo. Upon the introduction of horses and guns by European traders, hunting buffalo became easy and successful. The unfortunate effect of these untraditional hunts, was the disappearance of this food source. Also, Non-Natives contributed to this exhaustion of buffalo by hunting for hides. "Non-Native hunters were particularly objectionable: they used repeating rifles to kill countless buffalo for their hides, and they poisoned the carcasses with strychnine to destroy wolves so that they could obtain these animals too." (Ray, p.210) This, of course, had major repercussions for the Plains Natives, who were in desp erate need to find a new way of survival. The Europeans entered this scene with a solution to the Native's dwindling food source. They brought with them the techniques of farming and ranching, which they offered to teach the Plains People. "One of the major feature of Treaty 7 that distinguished it from the previous numbered treaties was the commitment by the...

Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Essay Example

Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Essay Example Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Paper Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Paper Your vocabulary tells the rest of the world a lot about you. It shows a person’s background, upbringing, education, and even his or her inclinations. A large vocabulary shows not only your aptitude for language, but also shows a good, solid background in reading. We tend to generalize people with wide vocabularies to be smart, highly-educated, and well-read. By this perception alone, it is no wonder that many people aspire to inject big words and elaborate phrases into their speech, just to show people how well-read they are. Of course, this is not to say that people who amass a wide vocabulary do it simply for the superficial reason of showing off. But we cannot deny that people who endeavor to develop an elegant way of speaking by the use of a wide vocabulary tend to impress their listeners and audience. Someone with a wide vocabulary shows us that the person is proficient with words. It aids greatly not only in providing a positive and learned impression of the speaker, but allows the speaker to communicate his or her ideas more effectively. When you have a large pool of words to choose from, it easier to select a word which best fits a particular situation or is most applicable for a certain audience. The speaker can adjust his or her words to suit the ambiance, since a wide vocabulary always provides for an alternative on what word we wish to use to express our thoughts and feelings. A wide vocabulary is a powerful tool. It allows the possessor thereof to influence its audience, such as the case of a charismatic speaker, in any lecture, audience, session, or conversation. Someone who is a connoisseur of words will be able to give a more effective talk or presentation in front of any association. A large vocabulary is essential not only for a public speaker, but for a writer, since it allows them to put down what they want to say in many different ways, with less tendency for dispute as to their meaning and interpretation. It allows the speaker to offer sympathy or to denounce a topic or person in a tactful way, especially if the listener is not familiar with the words used. Having a wide vocabulary may have negative effects on a person as well, such as when the possessor thereof tends to be arrogant and judgmental of people who do not possess the same vast vocabulary. It can give one the feeling of superiority and of being better educated or smarter than other people, and as a result they tend to alienate people whose vocabulary do not match theirs. What people with a wide vocabulary should take not is that not everyone is as fortunate to have been exposed to such literature and education, and that a lack of a wide vocabulary does not necessarily indicate illiteracy, but rather a lack of opportunity. People with a large vocabulary comprise a privileged set – those who have had the opportunity to read or study extensively – and should not make excessive use of this gift to segregate other people who have not been as lucky. Instead, they should use their vocabulary to entice people to the world of reading and learning, and should be generous about sharing the benefits of having a large vocabulary. They must not hesitate to share what they know, and must use their large vocabulary as a tool not only in expressing themselves but in helping others to express themselves as well.

Biography of Ninoy Aquino, Filipino Opposition Leader

Biography of Ninoy Aquino, Filipino Opposition Leader Benigno Simeon  Ninoy  Aquino Jr. (November 27, 1932–August 21, 1983) was a Filipino political leader who led the opposition against Ferdinand Marcos, the dictator of the Philippines. For his activities, Aquino was imprisoned for seven years. He was assassinated in 1983 after returning from a period of exile in the United States. Fast Facts: Ninoy Aquino Known For: Aquino led the Filipino opposition party during the reign of Ferdinand Marcos.Also Known As: Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr.Born: November 27, 1932 in Concepcion, Tarlac,  Philippine IslandsParents: Benigno Aquino Sr.  and Aurora Lampa AquinoDied: August 21, 1983 in Manila, PhilippinesSpouse: Corazon Cojuangco (m. 1954–1983)Children: 5 Early Life Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr., nicknamed Ninoy, was born into a wealthy landowning family in Conception, Tarlac, Philippines, on November 27, 1932. His grandfather Servillano Aquino y Aguilar had been a general in the anti-colonial Philippine Revolution. Ninoys father Benigno Aquino Sr. was a longtime Filipino politician. Ninoy attended several excellent private schools in the Philippines as he was growing up. However, his teen years were full of turmoil. Ninoys father was jailed as a collaborator when the boy was only 12  and died three years later, just after Ninoys 15th birthday. A somewhat indifferent student, Ninoy decided to go to Korea to report on the Korean War at the age of 17 rather than going to university. He reported on the war for the Manila Times, earning the Philippine Legion of Honor for his work. In 1954 when he was 21, Ninoy Aquino began studying law at the University of the Philippines. There, he belonged to the same branch of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity as his future political opponent Ferdinand Marcos. Political Career The same year he started law school, Aquino married Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco, a fellow law student from a major Chinese/Filipino banking family. The couple first met at a birthday party when they were both 9 years old  and became reacquainted after Corazon returned to the Philippines following her university studies in the United States. A year after they married, in 1955, Aquino was elected mayor of his hometown of Concepcion, Tarlac. He was only 22 years old. Aquino went on to rack up a string of records for being elected at a young age: he was elected vice-governor of the province at 27, governor at 29, and secretary-general of the Philippines Liberal Party at 33. Finally, at 34, he became the nations youngest senator. From his place in the Senate, Aquino blasted his former fraternity brother, President Ferdinand Marcos, for setting up a militarized government and for corruption and extravagance. Aquino also took on First Lady Imelda Marcos, dubbing her the Philippines Eva Peron, although as students the two had briefly dated. Opposition Leader Charming and always ready with a good soundbite, Senator Aquino settled into his role as the primary gadfly of the Marcos regime. He consistently blasted Marcos  financial policies and his spending on personal projects and enormous military outlays. On August 21, 1971, Aquinos Liberal Party staged its political campaign kickoff rally. Aquino himself was not in attendance. Shortly after the candidates took the stage, two huge explosions rocked the rally- the work of fragmentation grenades hurled into the crowd by unknown assailants. The grenades killed eight people and injured about 120 more. Aquino accused Marcoss Nacionalista Party of being behind the attack. Marcos countered by blaming communists and arresting a number of known Maoists. Martial Law and Imprisonment On September 21, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines. Among the people swept up and jailed on fabricated charges was Ninoy Aquino. He faced charges of murder, subversion, and weapons possession, and was tried in a military kangaroo court. On April 4, 1975, Aquino went on a hunger strike to protest the military tribunal system. Even as his physical condition deteriorated, his trial continued. The slight Aquino refused all nourishment but salt tablets and water for 40 days  and dropped from 120 to 80 pounds. Aquinos friends and family convinced him to begin eating again after 40 days. His trial dragged on, however, and did not conclude until November 25, 1977. On that day, the military commission found him guilty on all counts. Aquino was to be executed by firing squad. Peoples Power From prison, Aquino played a major organizational role in the 1978 parliamentary elections. He founded a new political party, known as the Peoples Power or Lakas ng Bayan party (LABAN for short). Although the LABAN party enjoyed huge public support, every one of its candidates lost in the thoroughly rigged election. Nonetheless, the election proved that Aquino could act as a powerful political catalyst even from a cell in solitary confinement. Feisty and unbowed, despite the death sentence hanging over his head, he was a serious threat to the Marcos regime. Heart Problems and Exile Sometime in March 1980, in an echo of his own fathers experience, Aquino suffered a heart attack in his prison cell. A second heart attack at the Philippine Heart Center showed that he had a blocked artery, but Aquino refused to allow surgeons in the Philippines to operate on him for fear of foul play by Marcos. Imelda Marcos made a surprise visit to Aquinos hospital room on May 8, 1980, offering him a medical furlough to the United States for surgery. She had two stipulations, however: Aquino had to promise to return to the Philippines and he had to swear not to denounce the Marcos regime while he was in the United States. That same night, Aquino and his family got on a plane bound for Dallas, Texas. The Aquino family decided not to return to the Philippines right after Aquinos recovery from surgery. They moved instead to Newton, Massachusetts, not far from Boston. There, Aquino accepted fellowships from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which allowed him the opportunity to give a series of lectures and write two books. Despite his earlier pledge to Imelda, Aquino was highly critical of the Marcos regime during his stay in America. Death In 1983, Ferdinand Marcoss health began to deteriorate, and with it his iron grip on the Philippines. Aquino worried that if he died, the country would descend into chaos and an even more extreme government might emerge. Aquino decided to take the risk of returning to the Philippines, fully aware that he might well be reimprisoned or even killed. The Marcos regime tried to prevent his return by revoking his passport, denying him a visa, and warning international airlines that they would not be allowed landing clearance if they tried to bring Aquino into the country. On August 13, 1983, Aquino began a meandering, week-long flight that took him from Boston to Los Angeles and through Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Because Marcos had cut off diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the government there was under no obligation to cooperate with his regimes goal of keeping Aquino away from Manila. As China Airlines Flight 811 descended into Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983, Aquino warned the foreign journalists traveling with him to have their cameras ready. In a matter of three or four minutes it could all be over, he noted with chilling prescience. Minutes after the plane touched down, he was dead- killed by an assassins bullet. Legacy After a 12-hour funeral procession, in which an estimated two million people took part, Aquino was buried in the Manila Memorial Park. The leader of the Liberal Party famously eulogized Aquino as the greatest president we never had. Many commentators compared him to the executed anti-Spanish revolutionary leader Jose Rizal. Inspired by the outpouring of support she received after Aquinos death, the formerly shy Corazon Aquino became a leader of the anti-Marcos movement. In 1985, Ferdinand Marcos called for a snap presidential election in a ploy to reinforce his power. Aquino ran against him, and Marcos was proclaimed the winner in a clearly falsified result. Mrs. Aquino called for massive demonstrations, and millions of Filipinos rallied to her side. In what became known as the People Power Revolution, Ferdinand Marcos was forced into exile. On February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippine Republic and its first female president. Ninoy Aquinos legacy did not end with his wifes six-year presidency, which saw democratic principles reintroduced into the nation. In June 2010, his son Benigno Simeon Aquino III, known as Noy-noy, became president of the Philippines. Sources MacLean, John. â€Å"Philippines Recalls Aquino Killing.† BBC News, BBC, 20 Aug. 2003.Nelson, Anne. In the Grotto of the Pink Sisters: Cory Aquinos Test of Faith, Mother Jones Magazine, Jan. 1988.Reid, Robert H., and Eileen Guerrero. Corazon Aquino and the Brushfire Revolution. Louisiana State University Press, 1995.

Humanistic Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanistic Psychology - Essay Example She is profile who can be counted upon and can rise to the occasion to help the team in crisis. The humanistic approach with its spotlight on the human ability for integrity, resourcefulness and autonomy and its scrutiny of individuals as a sacred, cogent, decisive and sovereign beings did not come up within the sixties, there had been early on precursors of this discipline of thought. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was one of the former psychologists to diverge with the Freudian analysis. With time, Maslow initiated to mull over citizens with high control to be most entirely human plus ensued to investigate the finest of human nature, the most intellectual, as well as the most realizing personalities (Monte, 1999, p. 737). Maslow initiated to associate the high control sentiment by way of a self actualizing propensity. The Maslow's Hierarchy of needs is how we a an individual can come to a decision on the motivational strategies that can be useful towards always Andrea in order to be able to make her more productive .Maslow also illustrated eight behaviors that can show the way to self actualization (Maslow in Frager & Fadiman, 1998, p. 450). 5. Verdict, if the above stages would be kept in mind, and then motivational theories be designed they will for sure give in the ability of life alternatives; she will also build up a more precise perception. 7. 6. Self improvement in the sagacity of learning to utilize our aptitudes to the fullest. This is a continuing procedure. 7. Crest understanding are split seconds of self actualization also could be depicted as the moments of ecstasy, dread, conjecture or else delight. Doing what guides the way to these understandings that can help individuals self actualize. 8. The need of Ego ramparts, otherwise being attentive of the mode in which the individuals disfigure their imagery of authenticity whenever we strive to secure our self-image moreover being able to plummet that behavior when apposite. An investigation tool described individual Orientation account has been industrialized (Shostrom 1963) as a consistent determine of self actualization that has show the way to additional experimental investigation into the region. Conclusion: As it prevails the more humanistic psychology has provided us individuals with a more fresh and innovative technique to a new way to look at human nature that is positive and holistic and has impacted on the fields Applying a more humanistic approach to wards Andrea would definitely motivate her in the long run. She is somebody, who is successful in her career and a hard worker too. She believes in maintaining a certain level of lifestyle and status in society. But along with all of this. Because she has kept herself so busy in attaining and hence forth maintaining it

Macroeconomic Aspect of Thomas Gregory Toles Cartoon Article

Macroeconomic Aspect of Thomas Gregory Toles Cartoon - Article Example The usage High Finance is an obvious reference to the subprime lending which involved high risk and a higher amount of interest. The balloon is portrayed to be flying in an ample height with reference to the clouds, which is an indication of the magnitude of the risk involved in the derivative finance market . It also symbolizes the uncontrolled number of handovers of the loan from the actual source which was the characteristic sign of liberalized derivative market. The balloon is shown in an over-inflated state and the basket has a label on it saying ‘Actual Economy’. This very well criticizes the trial of the government for some years to have a fake magnification of the economy. This should be read together with the fact that, though the economic indicators of employment, industrial production, real sales and real income as defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) had reflected a clear sign of recession since January 2008, the Government was highlighting the mere 0.6 percent increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to hide the actual state of recession and to represent a promising economy. The artist also would have intended to represent inflation through the inflated state of the balloon. Thomas Gregory Toles leaves a hint towards the indifference of the Bush administration on the state of economic crisis as he has caricatured a character of authority, still sitting in a relaxed mode within a blasted balloon. The character’s statement that they would see what would be the impact of the blast on the actual economy also adds to the hint of apathy.

Spaces and Subjects of Modernity Modern Cities, Entertainment and Las Essay

Spaces and Subjects of Modernity Modern Cities, Entertainment and Las Vegas - Essay Example (Buchholz et al, 2002). An in-depth understanding of the above can, it is argued, lead to avoidance of the deficits or malaise (this seems so normal in the dystopian scheme), of the modern world. This essay deals with the reconstruction of the modern city as Las Vegas, within the limitations of cultural space to highlight the role of authoritative control and also its absence in promoting a liberal society. The role of exhibitions and cinema and how this relates to the changes in the entertainment and gambling industry in Las Vegas will be defined. In ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamian, the 'juridico-discursive' power is entirely at the hands of a 'sovereign authority who exercised absolute control over the population through the threat or open display of violence' (Foucault, 1978). Surveillance, becomes an important tool of the state is but, a sort of mapping of contours, geographies, and finally human beings too. Modern states also used such "thematic mapping technologies", a notable one, being "the cadastral map, which record land ownership and resource characteristics" (Goss, Jon. 1995). Constant surveillance which, when internalized, as in "disciplining the body, takes hold of the mind as well to induce a psychological state of 'conscious and permanent visibility" (Foucault 1977). It then becomes a disciplinary power that is used directly on the body, and collectively, to control social groups. Foucault speaks of the structured ways of knowing and exercising this power, in respect of Body, Power and the Sexuality ; Subjectivity, identity and resistance; and Freedom, power and Politics.( Armstrong,2005). The Relevance of Psycho-geography in Modern Geography Psycho-geography is defined as "The study of specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals"(Situationniste Internationale, 1958). It was first developed by the 'Lettrist International,' as part of their system of unitary urbanism. It has since evolved to encompass many things; "psycho geography is one antithetical pole among many which realizes the conflict between our idealized role as citizens and our subjectivity arising from the material conditions of our life"(Psycho geography, 2005). The Modern Metropolis The development of culture is characterized by the preoccupation the "objective spirit" over the "subjective spirit. The objective culture is defined as the collection of rules, tools, symbols and products created by human beings and the subjective culture is what individuals have been able to absorb and integrate into them-selves from the objective culture. Metropolitan life places the utmost importance to stable but impersonal time schedule. There seems to be in the metropolitan style, direct dissociation in reality, in one of its elemental forms which is socialization (Simmel, 1908). A link has been conceived between the new social and environmental conditions of the metropolis and psychological state of continuity. It has strong connotations to the destruction and re-construction of modern cities (like Paris, Berlin etc,) as dictated by the changes in mobility,

What is politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is politics - Essay Example The initial philosophy is easy for many people to agree that anguish and death have nothing to do with great things. The second philosophy can be illustrated with the example that Singer provides that if we were in a situation where we take a rail switch and divert a train thus saving a child’s life or act like Bob who decides to throw away the train switch to save his Bugatti. In a nut shell, Singer is trying to say that stopping something bad from taking place will at all times lead to destroying something material or spending cash on something meaningless.Depending on these two philosophies enables Singer come up with his conclusion at the end of his line of reasoning. Singer initially indicates that there are individuals in East Bengal who suffer and die from food deficiency and shelter which is trailed by his philosophy. When Singer mentions his 2 philosophies at first makes it easy to understand and in fact agree with his line of reasoning. However, his conclusion is act ually not convincing enough. Singer claims that it is undisputable that when money is sent to charity, life will be saved and people will be elevated from poverty. However, it is also evident that no matter how much we try to help the needy by donating some money, the global poverty will not end. This is, even if we send a lot of cash to poor countries, we will end up doing this for the rest of our lives. In due course, with never ending donations and charity work, it is evident that this will lead to immense depression and untold suffering.

Miisconceptions about Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miisconceptions about Evolution - Essay Example One of the misconceptions that have been greatly discussed in the past and current generation is ascribed to the theory of evolution of life. The misconception in this sense is that evolution is basically a hypothesis concerning the manner by, which life developed. To some extent, this misconception is true; to begin with, evolution theory has not provided many with any form of evidence regarding the process of evolution of life i.e. what was the initial chemical process that facilitated the beginning of life. However, this theory has only focused on the manner by, which one form of life changed from different times and periods. On the other hand, there has also been a misconception the evolution theory asserts that life has been changing from time to time and that there is a probability that life will continue changing over time. An analysis of various issues may lead to the conclusion that this misconception is correct. Scientific evidence has proved that life may change in differe nt ways. The first manner through, which life can change is by adaptation. Usually living things adapt to various conditions of life i.e. one person may move from a desert region characterized by hot weather conditions to an extremely cold place characterized by ice and snow and adapt to the new environment. Additionally, evolution may also occur through the process of natural selection, which is also facilitated by adaptation. In many cases, when an organism fails to adapt to its new environment, it dies and those that can survive adapts and continue living. However, science has not provided any substantial argument whether or not such form of evolution is usually random or occurs in a specified manner. There is also another misconception that evolution only occurs in a slow and gradual manner (evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_teacherfaq.php). This is not correct. To begin with, there is not proof that has shown that evolution only occurs gradually and in a slow man ner. The misconception is usually based on the fact that evolution processes i.e. adaptation may not be physically perceived. Most scientists who have made efforts to provide proof that evolution has been occurring, base their argument on comparing two forms of life i.e. one that is expected to have occurred in the ancient times and the others that currently exist. These comparison are usually undertaken through analyzing various physical features of the animal and the ways by, which they have changes. It is crucial to point out that evolution may occur slowly and randomly at times and it may also occur faster and gradually at some point. The process of evolution may be facilitated by certain physical conditions such as temperature, wind et cetera. On the other hand, anthropogenic activities that basically involve a direct interaction with the environment may also influence at which certain forms of evolution occurs, for instance: When a forest is cleared, certain inhabitants i.e. b irds may be forced to relocate to new habitats that have different environmental conditions, hence compelling the birds to undergo adaptation. Consequently, there is also a misconception that human-beings are currently not evolving (evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_teacherfaq.php). The basis of this argument is that many people do not see any physical change or biological changes that have occurred on human-beings. What the supporters of this misconception have failed

On Dreams by Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Dreams by Aristotle - Essay Example Among other phenomena of life, Aristotle interpreted dreams too. Early Greek impression of dreams was that they are from God and are seen during sleep to provide guidance from divine spirits. Aristotle, on the contrary, studied dreams in a more rational way, by saying that dreams are not from God as animals can have dreams too; rather they are the reflections of our daily life activities. He said that we can interpret dreams analogous to the reflections seen in water. According to him, all of the external effects are nullified when we are asleep, but our internal keeps open its eyes and remain aware of our general activities and thoughts, which then we see as a dream. Dreams are mostly consists of fantasies is due to the fact that our common sense does not work while we are asleep, thus we cannot distinguish between a reality and a fantasy in our dreams. He correctly recognized that what we see or hear in our dreams is quite different than what we actually perceive and think. Apart f rom internal awareness, dreams can also be a mixture of events we experience while awakening, thus we dream these events as we want the things to happen in actual. He interpreted this by using the term â€Å"lucid dreaming†, which means to have a clear view in dreams and he explained that due to our unconscious who remains asleep, we can see dreams clearly, but these dreams can be termed as an after-image of everything we go through in day time (On Dreams By Aristotle. 2011, Bixler. Thomas. 1998). Aristotle also claimed that not everybody dreams during sleep, the very likely case is of children who may never dream. He also said that we have dreams during sleep because we are in a sense gets cut-off with the rest of happenings around us. In this process, our sensory organs also respond less than the time when we are awake. These organs develop the after images of objects which remained in-touch with any of the sensory organ in day’s activity. These after images then com bine with our imagination and create dreams. When we are asleep and dreaming, we are thinking as this is the actual reality because according to Aristotle, all logics of real world like reason or judgment do not exist. But sometimes it happens too that dream become an illusion. It happens when we become able to differentiate between the reality and our dream and recognize dream as a dream itself. In addition to this, he also claimed that dreams reflect the condition of health of a person and can be used as a source to determine and cure illness, if any. Many doctors and physicians who followed him proved this by treating their patients in the light of this theory (Aristotle, Gallop. 1996). By reading all these views of Aristotle, I personally agree with him. Most of the times I myself dreamt of such things which I want to happen or occur, and these things keep residing in my thoughts until either I achieve the goal or it does not come up with me. Aristotle’s overall interpret ation is exactly according to human psychology, dreams are not from divine forces, they are there to make us certain about our wanting and needs, and they definitely reflect all activities which happen during whole day. I myself have almost the same views regarding dreams, but the article made me clearer and provided me more knowledge in interpreting my own dreams. Dreams are natural to occur, most of us have dreams in sleep, it is not at all

Miisconceptions about Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miisconceptions about Evolution - Essay Example One of the misconceptions that have been greatly discussed in the past and current generation is ascribed to the theory of evolution of life. The misconception in this sense is that evolution is basically a hypothesis concerning the manner by, which life developed. To some extent, this misconception is true; to begin with, evolution theory has not provided many with any form of evidence regarding the process of evolution of life i.e. what was the initial chemical process that facilitated the beginning of life. However, this theory has only focused on the manner by, which one form of life changed from different times and periods. On the other hand, there has also been a misconception the evolution theory asserts that life has been changing from time to time and that there is a probability that life will continue changing over time. An analysis of various issues may lead to the conclusion that this misconception is correct. Scientific evidence has proved that life may change in differe nt ways. The first manner through, which life can change is by adaptation. Usually living things adapt to various conditions of life i.e. one person may move from a desert region characterized by hot weather conditions to an extremely cold place characterized by ice and snow and adapt to the new environment. Additionally, evolution may also occur through the process of natural selection, which is also facilitated by adaptation. In many cases, when an organism fails to adapt to its new environment, it dies and those that can survive adapts and continue living. However, science has not provided any substantial argument whether or not such form of evolution is usually random or occurs in a specified manner. There is also another misconception that evolution only occurs in a slow and gradual manner (evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_teacherfaq.php). This is not correct. To begin with, there is not proof that has shown that evolution only occurs gradually and in a slow man ner. The misconception is usually based on the fact that evolution processes i.e. adaptation may not be physically perceived. Most scientists who have made efforts to provide proof that evolution has been occurring, base their argument on comparing two forms of life i.e. one that is expected to have occurred in the ancient times and the others that currently exist. These comparison are usually undertaken through analyzing various physical features of the animal and the ways by, which they have changes. It is crucial to point out that evolution may occur slowly and randomly at times and it may also occur faster and gradually at some point. The process of evolution may be facilitated by certain physical conditions such as temperature, wind et cetera. On the other hand, anthropogenic activities that basically involve a direct interaction with the environment may also influence at which certain forms of evolution occurs, for instance: When a forest is cleared, certain inhabitants i.e. b irds may be forced to relocate to new habitats that have different environmental conditions, hence compelling the birds to undergo adaptation. Consequently, there is also a misconception that human-beings are currently not evolving (evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_teacherfaq.php). The basis of this argument is that many people do not see any physical change or biological changes that have occurred on human-beings. What the supporters of this misconception have failed

Transnational Media and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Transnational Media and Globalization - Essay Example In the process cultural diversity becomes a victim though the extent to which TMCs can be held responsible for these development depends on a number of endogenous and exogenous factors such the ever increasing influence of TMCs due to their rising revenues and involvement in foreign countries. On the other hand how best local communities are able to resist these extraneous influences on their cultures is not particularly amenable to a particular interpretation. In the process theoretical and conceptual frameworks of analysis are used to develop contingency models of behavioral impact arising from activities of TMCs and their behemoth-like approach to societal transformation. A critical analysis of the activities of a broader cross section of the key global media corporations would demonstrate the extent and the nature of their influence on local cultures other variables remaining constant. It's in this extended context that an element of threat to these native cultures is seen in their global role. 1. Analysis1.1. Overview Neo-liberal ideology has persistently been advocating globalization as the sole solution to all economic problems and the underlying political agenda in this ideological approach is obviously mind-gobbling. TMCs have been in the forefront of this propaganda campaign that supports integration of societies into the global system at each level. However it's not so much the intention of TMCs that has been questioned but its emphasis on a particular practical approach to globalization, viz. the world culture theory. According to this theory globalization is "the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole" (Robertson, 1992). In fact those elements in the whole system or consciousness are assumed not to question the motive behind globalization. In other words 'the end justifies the means' approach to globalization and the subsequent TMCs' actions are inseparably interconnected.The current literature on the subject of TMCs' role in cultural tra nsformation of societies has been intensely focused on the world culture theory of globalization. Analysts and researchers have identified the extent and the manner of TMCs' involvement in these efforts. The threat perception of TMCs' actions has been interpreted in this context as the ultimate outcome of an otherwise elusive set of nuances associated with subterfuge. Communication is part and parcel of the whole culture centric theory of transformation in the globalization process. This is all the more subtle in the third world society context because these societies or polities have much less power to resist TMCs' attempts at integration or transformation. Global culture thus becomes a vehicle for unity.The evolutionary process of

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change being the most important issue of the 21st century it is affecting developing countries the most. And a case study of every country is important to understand the level of risk it is at. This paper is a case study of Pakistan and its media. The level of awareness that exists among the people and exactly what sectors and areas are being affected that need to be dealt with in time. This paper is a detailed study of climate change, what it is, the evidences of climate change in Pakistan and the vulnerabilities that need to be taken care of by the Media by creating awareness about it by persuading both the Government and the People to take initiatives towards contributing less to climate change. The analysis is based on primary and secondary research which in the end gives recommendations and conclusion so as to what and how should the media create awareness about climate change. INTRODUCTION Global Climate Change resulting from an increasing concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere caused by the use of fossil fuels and other human activities is now an established phenomenon and its effects have been observed in most parts of the world including Pakistan. With continued heavy reliance of the world energy system on fossil fuels for the foreseeable future much larger climatic changes and their adverse impacts are to be expected in the coming decades. According to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average temperature of the earths surface increased by 0.6  °C over the past century and is projected to increase further by 1.1 to 6.4  °C by the end of the current century (IPCC 2007). It will be accompanied by large variations (both, increases and decreases) of temperature and precipitation in different world regions, considerable worldwide increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme clima tic events (floods, droughts, cyclones etc.), large scale shrinking of Arctic sea ice and recession of mountain glaciers, rise in average sea level by up to 0.6 meter etc., with serious adverse impacts on various socio-economic sectors in many parts of the world. Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to climate change because it has generally a warm climate; it lies in a world region where the temperature increases are expected to be higher than the global averages; its land area is mostly arid and semi-arid (about 60 per cent of the area receives less than 250 mm of rainfall per year and 24 per cent receives between 250-500 mm); its rivers are predominantly fed by the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) glaciers which are reported to be receding rapidly due to global warming; its economy is largely agrarian and hence highly climate sensitive; and because the country faces increasingly larger risks of variability in monsoon rains, large floods and extended droughts. Under the influence of all these factors the Water Security and the Food security of the country are under serious threat. Compounding these problems are the expected increased risks to the coastal areas (these include Karachi, Pakistans largest city and the hub of its industrial ac tivity and international trade) and the Indus deltaic region due to sea level rise and increasing cyclonic activity; to the mountainous regions due to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and land slides; to the countrys scanty forests (less than 5% of the land area is under forest cover) due to forest fires as well as reduced regeneration under rapidly changing climatic conditions; to human health due to heat strokes, diarrhoea, cholera, vector borne diseases, etc.; and to human settlements due to floods and cyclones. Although Pakistan has been rather late in realizing the intensity of the climate change threat to its socio-economic development, the country is now taking this threat very seriously: A dedicated research centre (called, Global Change Impact Studies Centre, GCISC) focusing on climate change related aspects was initiated in 2003 and a high level committee chaired by the Prime Minister (called Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change, PMCCC) was established in 2005 to provide national level policy guidelines on climate change related issues. More recently, in October 2008, the Planning Commission (PC) set up a Task Force on Climate Change (TFCC) with a view to take stock of countrys situation vis a vis climate change; to contribute to the formulation of a climate change policy that would assist the government in achieving sustained economic growth by appropriately addressing climate change threats so as to ensure water security, food security and energy security of the country; and to recommend policy measures for promoting large scale Adaptation and Mitigation efforts, for raising awareness of various stakeholders; and for enhancing the capacities of relevant national institutions (see Annex-A for full Terms of Reference (TOR) of TFCC and Annex-B for the list of TFCC members). While Pakistan is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, its own contribution to the total global GHG emissions is a miniscule (about 0.8%) and its per capita GHG emissions correspond to about one-fifth of the average for Western Europe (IEA/OECD 2006). As such, the main thrust of the countrys response to climate change is bound to be on Adaptation measures. Still, as a responsible member of the international community, Pakistan would like to contribute as much to the global Mitigation effort as it possibly can while trying to meet the countrys basic minimum energy needs consistent with its socio-economic developmental requirements, energy security considerations, and financial and technological constraints. Climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and the world is witnessing a rapid change in temperature, precipitation, snow fall, melting of glaciers, sun shine period etc. It is predicted to have a devastating impact on the planet and its inhabitants. The IPCC Synthesis Report (2007) indicated that about 20 to 30 percent species of animals and plants would be at risk of extinction if global temperature rises from 1.5 to 2.5 degree. This will create a range of problems for humans. Moreover, health issues and disease will sharply increase among human beings. IPCC report states, The health status of millions of people is projected to be affected through, for example, increases in malnutrition; increased deaths, diseases and injury due to extreme weather events; increased burden of diarrheal diseases; increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone in urban areas related to climate change; and the altered spatial distribu tion of some infectious diseases. Agriculture will also become more susceptible to pest and disease attacks. Soil erosion, caused by storms and floods will limit the agricultural scope in the coming years. Trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases will further complicate the situation. Moreover, the peace and livelihoods of billions of people would be threatened due to the scarcity of water. Water availability, according to the demand of growing population, and need, in different sectors is under a cloud of doubt. The major sufferers would be Africa and Asia. The fresh water availability will decrease many folds. IPCC reported that the water shortage will have severe impacts on South Asian productivity and systems of production. The frequency of production shocks and failure of crops will become more common (IPCC 2007). Owing to the adverse impact of climate change, natural resources will become scarce. Scarcity always leads to competition to gain the maximum, sometimes at the cost of others, and paves the way for conflicts and wars. Dr. R. K. Pachauri (2007) said, Climate change has raised the threat of dramatic population migration, conflict, and war over water and other resources as well as a realignment of power among nations. Some also highlight the possibility of rising tensions between rich and poor nations, health problems caused particularly by water shortages, and crop failures as well as concerns over nuclear proliferation. Impact of Climate Change on different Sector Water Resources Melting rate of glaciers will increase in the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush regions resulting in flash floods to begin with. Increased melting rate will aggravate the process of depletion of water resources. However, some hydrologists are of the view that the rate of snowfall will increase and melting rate will decrease due to lower temperature in Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush. Watersheds and water basin would be degraded due to erosion and loss of forest cover. Water stresses, drought will increase or vice versa. Agriculture Lower productivity and production, Outbreak and spread of diseases, Shifting in cropping patterns, Soil erosion, salinity and water logging, Increased trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases Livestock would also be impacted by the climate change induced calamities and vulnerabilities. Lower crop productivity will introduce competition between food and fodder crops in country. Keeping in mind the current situation of food availability in the country, food crops will have to be given top priority. Forestry, Biodiversity and Land Use Changes Depletion of biodiversity; Reduction in forest cover; Shifting of biomass due to change in temperature; Loss of wildlife; Deforestation to make land available for agricultural purposes to nourish the population. Coastal Zones Risk of soil erosion and degradation; Flooding inundation; Displacement of wetlands and lowlands; Salinization of ground and surface water. Natural Calamities Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of extreme floods; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of droughts; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of cyclones; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diseases. Impact of Climate Change on Health Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diarrhea; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malnourishment; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malaria; There would also be heat stresses. Vulnerabilities are expected to increase across the globe; however, the extent of these would be unequal. Poor people and regions would be more susceptible to climate change and adverse impacts, and their helplessness would be higher, as compared to rich people and regions. As Thomas and Twyman (2005) mentioned, vulnerabilities are higher in developing and least developed countries and their ability and capacity to adapt is limited due to higher level of dependence on natural resources, weak financial and institutional arrangements, and high incidence of poverty, stagnant or diminishing growth of GDP and most importantly absence or weak safety net mechanism. Pakistans State of Environment The development history of Pakistan is quite interesting. Pakistans economy has undergone different experiments over the course of time. On occasion, Pakistan followed the protective-economic model, and other times, the open-market model. However, these models remained oblivious of environmental aspects. Although Pakistan is not a big polluter, the prevalent lack of knowledge regarding nature is a major concern. Environment and poverty are strongly linked and in some cases, determine impact. The underprivileged sections of society are more dependent on natural resources and their judicious distribution, and at the same time, are more vulnerable to economic, social and environmental shocks. Poor management of natural resources further aggravates the situation in Pakistan. The livelihood of millions of people is, both directly and indirectly, dependent on Pakistans natural assets. How is Pakistan affected by climate change? Pakistan contributes very little to the overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but remains severely impacted by the negative effects of climate change by the following ways: Glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding will affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows over time as glaciers recede. Freshwater availability is also projected to decrease which will lead to biodiversity loss and reduce availability of freshwater for the population. Coastal areas bordering the Arabian Sea in the south of Pakistan will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and in some cases, the rivers. Being a predominantly agriculture economy, climate change is estimated to decrease crop yields in Pakistan which in turn will affect livelihoods and food production. Combining the decreased yields with the current rapid population growth and urbanization in the country, the risk of hunger and food security will remain high.   Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diseases primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise. Increases in coastal water temperatures would exacerbate the abundance of cholera.   The impact of climate change will also aggravate the existing social inequalities of resource use and intensify social factors leading to instability, conflicts, displacement of people and changes in migration patterns. Environmental degradation is a well-established fact in Pakistan. Components of the environment, e.g. forests, water, wetlands, land, air are not in satisfactory quality. Moreover, their condition continues to deteriorate with time. The land is losing its fertility due to organic degradation, soil erosion, water logging, salinity and the loss of cover of natural vegetation. Land productivity is increasingly following a decreasing trend and is already very low in Pakistan as compared to the other developed and developing countries. The water sector also faces issues of environmental degradation and the dilemma of mismanagement. Industrial, solid and household waste further adds to water pollution and the lack of an adequate governance system is exacerbating the situation. Water basins are also depleting very rapidly. The exhaustion of water basins is and will continue to be the cause of major concerns in the future. Pakistan will have to face the problem of scarcity in future, which will result in reduced hydro power generation. Over-exploitation of forest resources is a common phenomenon, due to lack of awareness among the masses. The quality of air is worsening due to presence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the general misuse of natural resources and other unwanted pollutants, such as chemicals. Owing to these problems, Pakistans biodiversity is sharply declining. The poor health of natural resources is impacting the whole social, economic and environmental fabric of Pakistan. This current state of the environment imposes heavy costs on the countrys weak economic structure. Negligence in the past has further impaired the situation and enhanced the financial burden. The current government is coping with problems in tackling environmental issues, due to the weak economic situation and increasing natural disintegration. Furthermore, the allocation of national funds towards environment and poverty are not based on necessity. Government spending on the environment is clearly insufficient. The institutional framework to address environmental issues is weak, but it has been evolving since the formulation and adoption of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance in 1983. Pakistan, being a signatory to different international agreements, is reframing its institutes, legal set up and implementation strategies. The government has established different authorities and organizations, e.g. Clean Development Mechanism cell, Environment Protection Agency, Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) and policies and acts e.g. PEPA97, Environment Policy 2005 and Energy Efficiency Policy and so on. The Environment Policy 2005 is a pivotal instrument for the response to environmental concerns. The policy addresses the production sector, both natural and industrial, to attain the objective of sustainable development in Pakistan and mainstreaming environmental knowledge. The policy suggests What Next? Pakistan is a signatory to almost all environment related agreements and thus has certain obligations and privileges. Now, the question arises as to how Pakistan will fulfill the dream of development in the presence of all these agreements, which call for more sustainable solutions to all these problems. As part of its privileges, Pakistan can ask for financial and technological help from the developed world. Furthermore, Pakistan can also ask for aid in tackling climate change vulnerabilities under the adaptation window. However, there are certain weaknesses or shortcomings in the international agreements which will be discussed at the Copenhagen in the Conference Of Parties 15 (COP) in December 2009. This will be a superb opportunity for Pakistan to voice its concerns. International Negotiations and Key Issues The debate on climate change is complex. Uncertainty and inequality of climate change and its impacts make it further convoluted. Scientific evidence suggests that the impact of climate change would be highly unequal due to geography. Poor (developing, least developed and small island countries) regions would be more vulnerable and some small island countries would become endangered. Developing, least developed and small island countries have a very minor share in historical emissions. However, weak institutional, governance and financial infrastructure make them more vulnerable. The Fourth Assessment Report (FAR) 2007, by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pointed out that the climate change would be unequal and poor countries would be more vulnerable. Problem Statement the issue in Pakistan is education and lack of awareness about climate change and its impacts on Pakistan and most importantly lack of Governments accorded budget to tackle climate change by building institutions and research centers. People are not aware about how vulnerable and at risk they are and what they need to do in order to save the future generation. Climate Change and Media: a threat and vulnerabilities and the level of awareness about it. Objectives and Significance of the Study This study is aimed at knowing how much vulnerable Pakistan is to threat of climate change and the level of awareness that exists in the society about it. The purpose of the study is to gather information about the role media is playing educating people about it and how much do people know. This paper will evaluate the reasons behind the lack of awareness that exists in people due to lack of media specialists who can report, educate and spread awareness about climate change. Considering the fact the media changes many opinions and lifestyles it can have a huge impact on peoples way of thinking and persuade them to change their lifestyles to more sustainable ways of living and using any commodity. As climate Change is the biggest and the gravest issue of the 21st Century. Literature Review The media coverage and role in creating awareness about the state of environment and climate change reporting is poor in Pakistan and it increases the vulnerabilities. All the articles that were referred to put forward the same point that how journalists should be trained to report about the problems coming as a result of Climate Change. The journalists should put all efforts to build strong linkages for creating awareness among all levels of the society and extend their support and cooperation to the Ministry of environment and all the civil society members working for climate change for achieving the goal of a healthy and clean environment. In Farehia Rehmans article in THE NATION Media must create awareness about environment issues By FAREHIA REHMAN June 5, 2009 The Director UNESCO Islamabad Maurice Robson said that the organization is collaborating with the Ministry of Environment for organizing two media workshops for strengthening the capacity of media professional. He said that there is dire need to improve the linkages between the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Education for promoting environmental education in different segments of the society. The aim is to do capacity building of journalists for effectively reporting on climate change and mountain ecosystem related issues in order to help boost the efforts for raising awareness in the concerned areas. Media can play a major role in persuading and convincing people about the depth of the problem of climate change like Al Gore documentary has converted many people and turned them into responsible citizens who want to use sustainable ways of consuming electricity, while buying their cars, while using plastic bags and while polluting their environment. And the article Al Gores documentary draws students attention (Pakistan Observer 13th April 2010 Islamabad) Supports this argument that the documentary and the media content increases youths interest. Kakakhel said that energy production is the single most GHG producing process which is profusely used in food production and processing technologies. He advised the students not to use shower but water and use towels outside ten times and use more climate-friendly products. Say no to plastics, he said, which are damaging trees. He said one can have a car pool and effort should be made to use bicycles wherever possible and convince people by talking and writing to editors. He said that bad actions and inactions are more dangerous. Another article Call for technology transfer, aid to mitigate climate change (Dawn13 May 2009 Islamabad) Farrukh Iqbal Khan from the Foreign Office suggested establishment of fund for innovative projects to enhance awareness while creation of regional curriculum on climatology, capacity building and knowledge generation A lot of articles are found on just negotiations that have been held by policy makers on climate change and how and what sectors are being affected that need to tackled. Pakistans vulnerabilities are being discussed in the articles but they also urge the media persons to be trained and to learn how to report about climate change and how media should play an important role in the information gap that exists in people about the issue. Even the Article 6 of the UNFCCC Convention supports the fact that there is need of building institutions to create awareness and spread education at a National and regional, sub regional levels if needed with international help. Following are the clauses: (i) The development and implementation of educational and public awareness programmes on climate change and its effects; (ii) Public access to information on climate change and its effects; (iii) Public participation in addressing climate change and its effects and developing adequate responses; and (iv) Training of scientific, technical and managerial personnel. Climate change is irreversibly harming Pakistan, with its tremendous social, environmental and economic impacts. The main challenges are reduced agricultural productivity, human morbidity, and stressed use of natural resources. The agriculture productivity in Pakistan is being affected due to changes in land and water regimes. This is negatively affecting agriculture productivity by altering bio-physical relationships like changing growing periods of crops, altered scheduling of cropping seasons, increased crop stresses (thermal and moisture stresses), changing irrigation water requirements, altering soil characteristics and increasing the risk of pests and diseases. The report prepared by the Task Force on Climate Change will work to evaluate institutional weaknesses and suggest measures for strengthening capacity of relevant institutions, promoting program for advocacy and awareness, mainstreaming climate change into national and sect-oral policies, provide guidelines for reduction of green house gas emissions and environmental pollution as well as guide for the development of clean development mechanism-based projects to avail international opportunities for financing. Media has a serious role to play in this Instead of covering issues about two celebrities getting into a fight or how the Indian soap operas have reached a 1000 episodes our journalists should report about the scientific effects of climate change on our biosphere, talk about a fisherman in Gawadar who can no longer feed his family because the fish is hard to catch as the catch has declined due to global warming they are becoming endangered. Or they come in different seasons now; the whole pattern of weather is changing. By doing so, the public not only understands what youre saying, but begins to empathize with a specific person. That empathy means they care and the more you make people care about your issue, the more they are willing to agree with your point of view. Suddenly, the reporter has a way of telling your story in a way that his or her audience is more likely to care about. The argument strengthens the very basic point of educating a poor for example a farmer about his crops and how they can be affected by climate change and what he needs to do to about it. Media reaches down to the poorest of the poor in every form, and medium be it radio, news papers or Television (Internet has nothing to do with farmer community). Media can transform the way people think and how they act. There is just need to inject the fear of being affected by climate change that can cause disasters. Media has the power to convince people to agree to what they disagreed before. Climate change needs all the attention at this moment and this is the right time. People in the northern valleys and people near sea e.g. fisher men, transporters e.g. the Karakorem Highway will be washed off with the Hunza Lake water level when the Glaciers fully melts. These are all things that are the top and most important issues affecting trade and business and causing many lives. Climate change will o nly become worse if not treated well and taken care of, and practical awareness needs to be spread among these people who are the most vulnerable to it through media. Research Methodology The research was from both primary and secondary sources. The questionnaire containing 16 questions was filled by 40 young university students equally distributed among females and males from different backgrounds to check the knowledge and level of awareness in them about climate change considering the fact that the youth has access to and is obsessed with media and whatever it shows has an effect on them. The questionnaire gave out the first hand results and opinions of people. The questions were designed in a way that each was connected with the other and they had a pattern of starting from the basic questions about the term climate change and then how much they think media has been covering it and then whether Pakistan is vulnerable and what are the policy makers doing about it. How effective medias role has been in reporting about climate change and telling Pakistan how and from where Pakistan is the most vulnerable what sectors are being affected by it and how many problems can arise because of it in future. The articles support and problem statement that the analysis of the survey questionnaire. Survey Analysis A sample of 40 students was taken from different disciplines (MBA, BBA, and BSS) among them there were 20 males and 20 females. The analysis is as follows: Q.4 Are you familiar with the term climate change? More than 80% of the people are familiar with the term climate change and around 18 % people have heard it but dont know what it means but none said that they havent heard it or are not familiar with it. Climate change the term is known to the majority of the young people that were interviewed. As climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and especially people in the third world are the most vulnerable to it, as Pakistan being one of the vulnerable countries are youth is familiar with the term because they have heard or read it somewhere or maybe they can feel major changes in weather and probably relate it to climate change. Q.5 where did you hear it from? What were your sources of awareness about this issue? Around 68% of the peoples main source of information about climate change is newspaper/television/internet. Only 10% said they were affiliated with some organization working for climate change and thats how they knew about it. And around 23% said they had watched some documentary on it. So this shows that only literate class knows about it and its their own efforts through which they know about it but the illiterate or the people who do not have access to TV or cannot read news paper are at greater risk because they mostly they are farmers people working in villages around sea shores , river banks, fishers etc they are the most vulnerable to any climatic disaster and they usually do not have the access to such mass media. Q.6 how often do you see climate change issues being addressed in the news papers or by our media? Around 38% people think that climate change issues or the topic is being covered every week by the media or news paper. 35% think that its once a month, almost 13% said that they have never seen any coverage on it and 15 % people said they come across it every day. But the main twist is that it is not being covered by the local media this much or it is not focused on Pakistan specially, its different areas, from where ever it is being affect for example from the south or the north, or whether the Himalayan glaciers are at risk or the fish in the sea in Karachi. People do not know how much and from what angles Pakistan is getting affected and what measures are needed to tackle any such disaster. Q.7 Are you aware of any organizations working for climate change? Interesting answers were revealed out of this question as exactly 37.5% people said yes they were aware of organizations working for climate change and same percent age of people also said they didnt know about any such organizations. And to balance it out the 25% people said that maybe they knew or had heard some organizations working for it they werent sure about it. This shows the level of confusion, and extreme views in the youth about this issue being tackled in Pakistan and how and by whom. As it is very important for the people to know about the right organizations to be informed and to get connected with if they are interested in becoming an agent of change by contributing towards the work being done by those organizations for climate change. This just shows the lack of interest of people and the ambiguity that exists in them about the issue because most of the people are not aware about the level of Pakistans vulnerability to it because they are not being educated about it. Q.8 Do you agree that Climate change is being addressed by policy makers It is clearly visible that majority (35%) of the people strongly disagreed with the statement that climate change was being rightly and sufficiently being addressed by the policy makers. And that is the core problem. This leads to lack of institutions and lack of the urge to create awareness about t

Prion Diseases Essay -- Medical Prions Disease TSE

Prion Diseases Abstract Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases that are thought to be caused by the misfolding of prion proteins. Prions are able to replicate in the absence of nucleic acids. TSEs include: scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and Fatal Familial Insomnia. They can affect many different animals, including humans. Currently, there are no ways to diagnose, treat, or cure TSEs, as much more research is needed before these diseases are completely understood. 1. Overview Prions are a type of protein found naturally in the brain and other regions of the central nervous system. The diseases associated with prions are collectively known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). â€Å"Transmissible† refers to their potentially infectious nature, and â€Å"spongiform encephalopathies† indicates the microscopic sponge-like deterioration of the brain caused by the progression of the disorders. While these fatal neurodegenerative diseases exhibit different clinical symptoms, have different incubation periods, and even target different areas of the brain, they do share a number of characteristics. They occur in both animals and humans. During a silent incubation period, there are no detectable signs of the disease, although depending on the specific disease, the length of the incubation period can â€Å"vary from a few weeks to up to 40 [years]† (Baker & Ridley, 1996, 1). Due to their unique method of propagation (which will be addressed later), TSEs present a seeming paradox in that â€Å"inherited cases give rise to a disease that is transmissible but acquired cases do not produce heritable diseases† (Baker & Rid... ...(Soto, 2006, 105). 15. Conclusion On a closing note, prion research is significant not only for possible breakthroughs in understanding TSEs, but because of the vast implications the very concept of prions holds for the entire field of biology. As the first substance discovered that can replicate in the absence of nucleic acids, prions defy one of the most central biological doctrines. The similarities between TSEs and dementia disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and â€Å"findings of proteins with a prion-like behavior in yeast and other fungi† (Soto, 2006, 143) suggest that prions and proteins like them may be much more common than ever expected (Soto, 2006, 154). 10 Bibliography Baker, Harry F., & Ridley, Rosalind M. (1996). Prion Diseases. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. Soto, Claudio. (2006). Prions: The New Biology of Proteins. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Fantasy and Dream work in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Essay -- Cabinet

Fantasy and Dream work in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari The silent expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari exposes psychological guilt and insanity through the main character's fantasies and delusions. This character, Francis, brings the viewer into a nightmarish world through his story-telling. He recounts the story of the mad Dr. Caligari and the somnambulist Cesare who is under his control. The doctor's arrival in Francis' hometown results in a string of murders, the death of his best friend Alan and the kidnapping of his beloved fiancà ©e Jane. Francis tells this story as if it were true, but in the end he is revealed as a patient in a mental hospital. The film does not confirm whether Francis' story is reality, but Freudian theory suggests that this story is a wish fulfillment. Francis' neurotic mind created and mistook this fantasy for reality in order to displace the guilt over his friend's death by means of dream work and displacing his guilt onto the somnambulist Cesare. Neurosis is characterized by a retreat into ones imagination and alienation from reality. According to Freudian theory, this is also typified by believing a fantasy to be the truth. "Neurotics turn away from reality because they find it unbearable; the most extreme type of this turning away from reality is shown by certain cases of hallucinatory psychosis which seek to deny the particular event that occasioned the outbreak of their insanity" (Freud, 301). In this passage, Freud describes the psychological techniques that a neurotic mind uses in order to cope with a traumatic event. Instead of coming to terms with their trauma, the mind will alter the events and shape them around a delusion in order to produce a more pleasing conc... ...ing fantasy. In addition, Dr. Caligari and Cesare are not real people; they are fragments of Francis' psyche and serve the purpose of objects onto which the blame is displaced. The filmÕs ambiguous ending leaves the validity of Francis' story unknown because his illness is not explicitly confirmed. However, Freudian theory clarifies this uncertainty by showing that Francis has fantasized the entire story to satisfy his guilty mind. Bibliography The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Dir. Robert Wiene. Perf. Werner Krauss, Friedrich Feher, and Condrad Veidt. Decla-Bioscop AD, 1920. Freud, Sigmund. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W.W. & Norton. ---. Writings on Art and Literature. Ed. Niel Harz. Janowitz, Hans, and Mayer, Carl. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. (1920). http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/scr/caligari.txt